Street Congestion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Street Congestion - Research Paper Example Apparently, Manhattan central business district is an example of a street that is facing street congestion. The congestion in this street is as a result of potholes. Apart from describing the problem, this paper will offer the best solution to the problem and the cost of solving the problem. More than 25,000 vehicles travel down the Manhattan central business district, and this number is increasing day by day (Feit and Feehan 32). With these many vehicles moving up and down the street of Manhattan central business district, the resultant effect is traffic congestion. However, the traffic congestion level highly depends on the capacity of the road ((Vanderbilt 54). Traffic congestion in Manhattan has occurred as a result of the modal split or the volume of traffic creating demand for space that is greater than the available road capacity on the street. With the existence of the problem, a solution has to be created. In response to the increased street congestion in Manhattan central business district, the first step towards solving this problem is having parking restrictions on the street. This can be achieved by increasing the non-monetary and monetary costs of parking on this street. However, free parking distorts the market in favor of car travel, worsening congestion. Apart from the introduction of parking restriction, the State can ensure that there are a park and ride facility. This facility will allow parking at a distance giving space for continuation by ride sharing. These facilities can be created on the metro stations along the streets. Providing travel choices can reduce street congestion in Manhattan central business district. Bicycling, public transportation, and walking can reduce the demand for peak-hour travel in cars that is the primary cause of dairy congestion in Manhattan central business district. Notably, around 45% of all

Supply Chain Management of HP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supply Chain Management of HP - Assignment Example The total integrated inventories with the global retailers had adopted by the organization corresponds to the rapid response model established by Towill and Christopher (2002). Consequently, the predictable demand model may be applied in the incorporated system adopted by the HP. Analysis and Findings Depending upon the basic assumptions that demand is either volatile or predictable, the product is either special or standard; supply lead times can either be short or long(Christopher &Towill, 2002, p.1).These assumptions can and are all applicable to the global supply market. Towill and Christopher (2002) had induced eight possibilities for the supply chain based on the product, lead times, and demand (p. 10). Furthermore, these specified characteristics are coherent to the critical mathematical combination formulae associated with the number of several possibilities in order to combine three sets of two elements. The analysis of these possibilities, in respect with cost-effectiveness and agility, Towill and Christopher (2002) had concluded that the representativeness of three pipelines such as agile pipeline, quick response pipeline, and lean pipeline model as the supply chain management tools (pp.9-11). Agile Pipeline Model Considering the agile pipeline model, agility can be referred as the business-wide capability that can embrace the organizational structure, logistic process, and information system and business process mindset (Christopher &Towill, 2002, p. 8).Not to mention, that the major characteristic of an agile organization is its flexibility in business operations. Implementation of this process can bring flexibility in the manufacturing process through significant automation (Christopher &Towill, 2002, p. 8). Therefore, this will help to initiate a rapid change process in the supply chain management process of HP; additionally, the concept of production flexibility was enlarged into the wider business context. Plus, it is recommended that HP should organize an orientation program to implement the concept of agility significantly. Lean Pipeline Model Implementation of the lean pipeline model in business process will help HP to focus on the reduction or elimination of solid waste. Moreover, it will help to maximize the supply chain efficiency through the level scheduling. Leanness can be referred to as the agile element in several circumstances (Christopher &Towill, 2002, p.8). Generally, several leading organizations around the globe use these approaches collaboratively to meet the customers’ needs rapidly. Both the lean and agile philosophies play an important role in enabling customized pipelines (Christopher & Towill, 2002, p.8). These are efficient low-cost processes that can optimize the materials and product flow of HP in an effective way.

Social Consequences of New Media

Social Consequences of New Media Identify the most consequential features of ‘new media’ and assess how and why sociological theory and concepts deal with these. Abstract This essay establishes the background of new media technologies within the context of their historical development. The argument is then addressed towards the largest social consequences tial outcomes of new technologies as through analysis of the augmentation and facilitation of social communities and online interest groupsthe key consequential developments of new media, culminating in the premise that online community augmentation is the most crucial in order to provide social structures for the existence and promotion of other new media consequences. This argument is then placed into a framework of related theoretical endeavour and elucidates salient arguments in order to establish the premise within contemporary academia. The essay closes with a summation of the discussion along with concluding comments. The term ‘new media’ has gained a great deal of currency over the past two decades. It is also worthy of note that the term has gained status as a collective, singular noun form as if it was in reference to a single, coherent entity. This practice has become increasingly common, not only in marketing circles and journalistic reportage but also in the world of academia. Whilst the term in itself is incredibly vague, the utterance of such increasingly implies solidarity of existence as a totally formed and fully achieved social and material practice. Whilst there is little truth in this premise, this nature of conduct continues, and in doing so undermines development of coherent debate. Throughout this paper, the term ‘new media’ will be applied to the technological practice, development and subsequent social construction of those technologies which have been borne of internet and digitally associated technologies. In addition to this, it must be pointed out that it would at best be truculent, and at worst benighted, to talk of the consequences of new media in terms of cause and effect; this does not do the subject justice nor does it recognise the transience of the situation. It is for these reasons that throughout the course of this critique the consequences of new media technologies will be catalogued in a historically linear form in order to demonstrate the manner in which such technologies lead to further technological developments, each built upon the innovation of the previous. This essay will address the inception of those technologies which have now come to be known as new media and establish them within a historical framework with particular e mphasis placed on the development of the World Wide Web. Scholarly endeavour on these matters is subsequently placed into context of existing examples of new media development, along with their societal consequences. These arguments are then consolidated with broader, underpinning theories which argue for the case of community augmentation as the primary consequence of new media technologies. The essay then closes with a summary of key points raised with according conclusions. Current developments in new media technologies can be traced back to the inception of internet technologies and the consequential developments which ensued. When John Licklider joined ARPA, Leonard Klienrock was already developing ideas for ‘packet sending’. This was a method of sending information in broken up pieces, or ‘packets’. The information would be reassembled at the other end. Because the files were broken up before sending, they would be more difficult to eavesdrop, therefore of great appeal to ARPA. In 1965 an experiment saw computers in Berkley and MIT linked over a low-speed dial-up telephone line, forming the first ever Wide Area Network (Sadar, 2000). ARPA scientists continued the development of networking protocols and in 1972 TCP/IP was born. This would allow different networks to communicate with each other. Now it was simply a matter of time and growth, as at this stage computers consisted of large mainframes that were not available to the majority of people. In 1982, whilst ARPANET was still the backbone of the system, they adopted TCP/IP. This is considered as the birth of the internet; an international network of computers all using the standard. Expansion of the system was also occurring due to advances in computer technology and in 1984 the number of online hosts was over 1000. Governments started using and promoting the system for educational purposes and by 1987 there were 10.000 hosts (over the following two years this number had swelled to 100,000) (Baym, 1998). The year 1991 saw the launch of the World Wide Web (WWW) which consisted of a network of searchable and retrievable sites that employ the use of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This protocol automatically searched for the site and retrieved it for automatic viewing. Tim Berners-Lee and other scientists had been developing ideas for making data easily retrievable since 1989 and several browser/editor programs were made shortly after. This formed the basis of what would become new media technology as it is now known (Baym, 1998).An important consequence of the proliferation of new media is the digital divide. In economic terms, the digital divide emphasises the gap between those with privilege and those without. Those without suffer a more limited access to the means of information distribution that new media has come to be synonymous with; internet access, email, smartphones, etc. The consequences of this are broad reaching since they can affect people not just on their individual access to digital information services but also by geographical location or by their access to social entities such as businesses, educational services and public services. This gap also exists between nation states and is known on an international scale as the global digital divide (Halford Savage, 2010). The historically recent rise in new media has also prompted an interest in the academic study of mobilities; an area of the social sciences which was largely disregarded until the phenomenon. The turn in attitude is due largely, if not wholly, to the ubiquity of locative media and mobile communications in increasingly novel forms (Urry, 2000). These new technologies are augmenting and supplementing the manner in which members of society communicate with one another, and indeed their locations, on the move. Such ICTs (Information and Communications Technologies) are increasing in ubiquity, as increasing numbers of people begin to carry smart technologies with them, and rising numbers of architectural structures and public borders are becoming embedded with responsive entities which can relay pertinent information. Transport structures, public service buildings, architecture of interest, etc. are becoming increasingly embedded with satellite connectivity, GPS, responsive software, sens ors and other interactive data transfer forms (Urry, 2004). It is uncontroversial to argue that the most important and far-reaching consequence of new media is the increased ability for social and community forming; the world has witnessed a massive rise in online groups and communities. For many people it is now possible to be part of multiple online groups simultaneously. Much of the general debate around the value of the virtual communitiesdebate which surrounds new media also highlights the increase in digital representation and through subcultures. From the early days of online chatrooms and social portals which existed entirely in textual form, the development into widespread social media has brought with it a sharp rise in both the globalisation of culture and digital representation of the self through online platforms. Debate on such representation has become which have developed from new media technologies has become polarised in academic debateia. On the one hand is the groupA strong argument in scholarly endeavour which argues maintains that the internet has created a new platform for with which to resurrect traditional notions of community (perceived as fading in ‘real life’) which could be perceived as diminishing in modern culture; this and is a positive step towards achieving a new global solidarity, particularly with the co ncurrent development of cultural globalisation. The opposition to this school of thought maintain that cyberspace detracts attention from the issues faced in ‘real life’ community and is therefore erodes it. This point of view is eloquently allegorised in the opening page of Jean Baudrillard’s Simulations (1983). Baudrillard paraphrases the Jorge Luis Borges tale of cartographers who create a map of the empire to such detail that it perfectly covers the land it represents. Whilst the map is celebrated the land underneath it declines into wasteland. This is only brought to the attention of the people when the map itself erodes, revealing an uninhabitable â€Å"desert of the real† (Baudrillard, 1983). It is uncontroversial to argue that the most important and far-reaching social consequence of new media is the increased ability for the formation of communities which were previously unavailable. These community groups are salient and consistent throughout the development of new media technology and additionally it is now possible for many to be part of multiple societal groups simultaneously. Such communities are so influential because they underpin and promulgate the existence of other key elements of new media technology development, such as social change, cultural globalisation, digital identity, the mobilisation of smart technologies, etc. Theorists Wellman and Gulia argue that the current debate on virtual communities is problematic for several reasons. They state that the polarisation of opinion makes the debate Manichean, and also that a sense of the history of community is absent. In addition to this, they contend that the debate on virtual communities is largely unscholarly and is parochial in the sense that it forces a divide between ‘real life’ communities and those online. They go on to say that the notion of a traditional community is nostalgic and saturated with myth (Wellman Gulia, 1999). Whilst Wellman Gulia make some fair points, certainly the polarisation of the online debate (and also the separation of online life and real-life in theory) the two extremes of opinion have produced a substantial amount of research on the matter. When defining community it is useful to look at the work of German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, who developed the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft (translated roughly as ‘community’) is described by Tonnies as traditional community, characterised by bonding through kinship, friendship, shared religious beliefs and community loyalty. Tonnies termed modern, capitalist societies as Gesellschaft (community, or association), where social interactions and relationships are much less personal, more calculated and contractual, where the society experiences increased isolation of individuals living within it (Tonnies, 1988). There is also important work regarding broader communities, in particular Benedict Anderson’s theories concerning nations, or as he terms â€Å"imagined communities† (Anderson, 1983). Since the members of a nation cannot possibly interact with (or have knowledge of) everyone within that nation, certain symbolic resources and rituals (or as Anderson refers â€Å"invented traditions†) are utilised to coalesce people and create a sense of shared identity (flags, national anthems, etc.). Anderson maintains that these types of communities depend on their members believing in them, and are maintained through the shared practice of cultural customs and devices (Anderson, 1983). These Current definitions of digital community, whilst useful, suffer the same drawbacks as most in that they can be taken to extremes within their own boundaries, and do little to draw the line as to how far to go. A useful analogy is presented by David Bell (2001), who asks â€Å"I drive a car. To what extent could I argue that I belong to a ‘community of car drivers’?†. Bell goes on to explain that his car driving community satisfies all aspects of popular community definitions. Identity as a ‘car driver’ is institutionalised by a driving licence, which not only provides certain privileges but also acts as a proof of identity in a broader sense, and this is a commonality with other car drivers. Bell continues to describe a ‘set of knowledges’ which all car drivers possess (of driving, of the road, etc.), some of them formalised and some tacit. Whilst the Highway Code formalises one strand of such knowledge there also exists a tacit und erstanding in the form of driving etiquette and the like. The final point Bell makes is that of facilitation. The car also facilitates his membership of off-road communities (Bell, 2001). Whether or not Bell’s example does satisfy a definition of community is still debatable, but it does raise some important points when trying to define community, especially when comparing or contrasting to those which exist online. The same terms of Bell’s analogy could just as simply be applied to MySpace or EBay, both of which have had a far-reaching and consequential impact on capitalist societies; MySpace in many ways became the prototype of digital self-representation, with its ability for photographic and thematic customisation, coupled with a platform for creative endeavour or the broadcast of opinions. This paved the way for a broad range of online social media platforms which developed or augmented the original MySpace model. Conversely, EBay provided a platform for commerce which laid down an archetype for online trading. The eBay model for the first time allowed people to generate income through private auctioning on a global scale, in many cases providing en tire businesses to operate solely within the confines of the site. Regardless of their achieved scope and proliferation of use, but would the question remainsthat mean regarding whether or not that these ‘created communities’ satisfy a Gemeinschaft definition of community, and even if they did this would not necessarily make them communities in the nostalgic sense. , would that make them a community in the nostalgic sense? Bell explores this matter by offering a distinction between the terms (sometimes used synonymously by critical theorists) ‘community’ and ‘sub-culture’: Clearly there’s a slippage between the two words, both taken to mean the same thing – Baym’s own work has used both to describe the same group of online soap fans, for example. But I think that the two words have very different connotations, so I started to wonder where the boundary between terms like these lies. (Bell, 2001:101) In this statement Bell makes a valid point. In the labelling of factions and groups as ‘communities’ more often than not the term either becomes encapsulate, including a whole host of assemblies which are perhaps better described in another category, or becomes exclusive to the point of rejection of all those groups which fail to satisfy the nostalgic and seemingly outdated notion of traditional community. With these comments in mind it seemsIt is important to establish a boundary by which to sector those groups which, although they may satisfy certain aspects of community ‘new technology’ consequences, are not engaged in sufficient humanistic interaction to be defined as such. This does not present an immediate problem as there are many online groups which fit this description and do not label themselves as communities, but remain consequential of new media. However, the emphasis on human interaction seems to be the key to which distinctions can be drawn between online organisations and actual communities. One notorious commentator on the subject, Howard Rheingold, states just that: Virtual communities are social aggregations that emerge from the net when enough people carry on†¦public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships in cyberspace. (Rheingold, 1993:12) Since traditional community is no longer possible in its pure form, due predominantly to capitalism and globalisation, people have searched out the areas of their community which they now lack. Humans , being social animals (and at best, survivalists) have utilised the internetnew media in tandem with the development of technology to maintain and keep control of the things which they inherently hold dear. In this case, the elements of community which contemporary society have consequentially eroded with new media are also supported by new media. These consequences are now are now to be found online in forums, groups and interactive spaces. New media technology The internet does not house communities, but symbiotically supports those areas of community which no longer exist outside of the webof such developments, and arguably, due to such developments. Online platforms such as MySpace or Facebook provide many services, but do not create a social network for its users. Rather, new medi a they allow users to supplement their existing social networks with online support. Furthermore online Interactions can take place which will allow families who are miles apart to keep in touch in ways that have previously been impossible, thus they are solving previous difficulties pertaining to traditional community, predominantly that of distance and (the resulting factor of) time, and strengthening these communities in ways that previously could not be achieved. It is now possible for community to become reinforced by new media technologies in ways that were previously impossible, thus strengthening the weak elements that existed in the Gemeinschaft-style structure. Utilising technology, traditional communities are able to function over distance in real-time, in cybernetic unison. References Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, London: Verso. Baudrillard, J. (1983) Simulations, USA: Semiotext[e] Baym, N. (1998) ‘The emergence of an on-line community’, Cited in S.Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: revisiting computer-mediated communication and community, London: Sage. Bell, D. (2001) An Introduction to Cybercultures, London: Routledge. Halford, S. Savage, M. (2010) ‘Reconceptualizing Digital Social Inequality’, Information, Communication and Society 13 (7): 937-55. [online] Available from: www.cresc.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Paper No 86_0.pdf (Accessed 18/11/20130). Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Addison-Wesley. Sardar, Z. (2000) ‘Alt.civilizations.faq: cyberspace as the darker side of the West’, Cited in Bell, D. and Kennedy, B. M. (eds.) The Cybercultures Reader, London: Routledge. Tonnies, F. (1988) Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). (C. P. Loomis, Trans.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. (Original work published in 1887). John Urry (2000) Sociology Beyond Societies London: Routledge. John Urry (2004) ‘Mobile Sociology’, ch.13 in Frank Webster (ed.), The Information Society Reader London: Routledge. Wellman, B. Gulia, M. (1999) ‘Virtual communities as communities: net surfers don’t ride alone’, Cited in Smith, M. Lollock, P. (eds.) Communities in Cyberspace, London: Routledge. Bibliography Benton, T. Craib, I. (2001) Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Benton, T. Craib, I. (2001) Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought, Basingstoke: Palgrave. Castells, M. (2001) The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Craib, I. (1997) Classical Social Theory: An Introduction to the Thought of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Flew, F. (2002) New Media. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Lievrouw, L.A. (2006) ‘New Media Design Development: Diffusion of Innovations Vs. Social Shaping of Technology’, in Lievrouw, L. Livingstone, S. Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences, London: Sage Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., Kieron, K. (2003) New Media: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge. May, C. (2002) The Information Society: a sceptical view. Cambridge: Polity. Sayer, D. (1991) Capitalism Modernity: An Excursus on Marx Weber. London: Routledge. Webster, F. (2006) Theories of the Information Society, 3rd edition. Routledge. Woolgar, S. (ed.) (2002) Virtual Society?Oxford: Oxford University Press.References Anderson, B. (1983) Imagined Communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism, London: Verso. Baudrillard, J. (1983) Simulations, USA: Semiotext[e] Baym, N. (1998) ‘The emergence of an on-line community’, Cited in S.Jones (ed.) Cybersociety 2.0: revisiting computer-mediated communication and community, London: Sage. Bell, D. (2001) An Introduction to Cybercultures, London: Routledge. Rheingold, H. (1993). The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Addison-Wesley. Sardar, Z. (2000) ‘Alt.civilizations.faq: cyberspace as the darker side of the West’, Cited in Bell, D. and Kennedy, B. M. (eds.) The Cybercultures Reader, London: Routledge. Tonnies, F. (1988) Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft). (C. P. Loomis, Trans.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. (Original work published in 1887). Wellman, B. Gulia, M. (1999) ‘Virtual communities as communities: net surfers don’t ride alone’, Cited in Smith, M. Lollock, P. (eds.) Communities in Cyberspace, London: Routledge. Bibliography Castells, M. (2001) The Internet Galaxy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Webster, F. (2006) Theories of the Information Society, 3rd edition. Routledge. Lievrouw, L.A. (2006) ‘New Media Design Development: Diffusion of Innovations Vs. Social Shaping of Technology’, in Lievrouw, L. Livingstone, S. Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences, London: Sage May, C. (2002) The Information Society: a sceptical view. Cambridge: Polity. Flew, F. (2002) New Media. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Benton, T. Craib, I. (2001) Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Craib, I. (1997) Classical Social Theory: An Introduction to the Thought of Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Simmel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sayer, D. (1991) Capitalism Modernity: An Excursus on Marx Weber. London: Routledge. Benton, T. Craib, I. (2001) Philosophy of Social Science: The Philosophical Foundations of Social Thought, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Quiet Revolution Essay -- Canadian History

In 1960, a series of swift and sweeping reforms, were in processing in Quebec, and the reforms carried out by Jean Lesage, who is the leader of Quebec Liberal Party. This term was commonly believed for six years from 1960 to 1966 (Cuccioletta & Lubin, 2003). Before the Quiet Revolution, Quebec was under control of its leader Maurice Duplessis, who is an ideologically conservative traditional politician. He insisted on preserving the traditional role of Quebec from 1944 to 1959. It is believed that some policies of Duplessis’s regime were regarded as the factors that resulted in the Quiet Revolution. In the first place, Duplessis has dominated Quebec’s economy in his term as the leader of government, and he almost expropriated the autonomy of his ministers and place Quebec’s economy in the hand of foreign companies. The profile of Quebec before the Quiet Revolution is a church-ridden and agricultural society while some other North American countries were industrialized ones in the same time period (Behiels, 1985, P. xi). Duplessis encouraged and entrusted the development of Quebec economy to the English-speaking Canadians and some foreign companies. At the meantime, he set barriers, and even block the development to French-Canadians’ economic groups. Therefore, foreign companies and English-Canadians owned much more power and rights than the French-Canadians; francophones have no choice but to work for Anglophone and foreign companies. Nevertheless, French-Canadians still obtained much lower wages compared to English-speaking workers. These unfair treatments to francophones led to unsatisfied of the contemporary government. Besides supporting the English-speaking and foreign economy, in Duplessis era, positive interference of unio... ...identity regarded themselves as Quebecers but French-Canadians no longer. Works Cited Behiels, M.D (1985). Prelude to Quebec's Quiet Revolution: Liberalism versus Neo-nationalism 1945-1960. Kinston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Gagnon, A.G & Montcalm, M.B (1990). Quebec: Beyond The Quiet Revolution . Scarborough: Nelson Canada. Cuccioletta, D. & Lubin, M. (2003, September 22). Article: The Quebec quiet revolution: a noisy evolution. Retrieved February 14, 2011 http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-118986705.html Gauvreau, M. (2005). The Catholic origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931-1970. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press Clibbon, J. (2010, June 21). Re-examining the roots of Quebec’s ‘Quiet Revolution’. Retrieved 2 24, 2o11, from CBCNews. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2010/06/18/f-quebec-conradblack-interview.html

Effective communication in Health and Social Care Essay

There are a number of barriers to effective communication in health and social care. One of these is the environment. If the environment gets in the way of effective communication, then the receiver may not understand the message that is being given to them. †¢ Seating positions Rooms with awkward seating positions might mean that two people cannot see each other properly. For example if a nurse is talking to a patient and the patient is leaning back at about 135 degrees, this would mean that the patient is not paying attention to what the nurse is communicating. So the patient (receiver) may not understand the message that is being given to him. To overcome this barrier, people communicating in a health and social care setting would sit in a room around a desk like this. This is so that both of them are comfortable and can see each other properly. †¢ Background noise It is very hard to hear what someone is saying if there is a lot of background noise. A noisy environment is especially difficult and unpleasant for someone who is using hearing aid. Hearing aids will amplify background noise as well as the voice of the speaker. Read more:  Reasons people communicate  essay In a health and social care setting, if there would be a busy hospital being too busy or loud. If a patient is in a busy ward and the nurse is talking to him he may not receive her message due to excessive noise, phones ringing and people rushing in and out. This would make the conversation unsuccessful as it distracts their concentration. To overcome this barrier they will have to restrict people from rushing in and out to avoid noise. Also they would have to communicate in a room where it is quiet and so that the message can be understood by the receiver. This is not always possible as there are patient’s relatives that really want to meet the patient. Therefore you cannot stop them. †¢ Lighting It is very difficult to make sense of other people’s facial expressions if you can’t see their face properly due to poor lighting. Good lightening will be critical for someone who supports their understanding of speech with lip reading. Poor lighting takes away visual signs of communication and body language that a patient and nurse would need. To overcome this barrier the lighting should adequate. It shouldn’t be too bright or too dark as bright light can gives some people headache. If the lighting is too dark then the people communicating in a health and social care will not be able to see each other clearly. †¢ Distance barriers People sometimes feel uncomfortable if they are trying to communicate to a health and social care worker who is close. Long distance can weaken effective communications in that it takes longer for verbal communication to reach its target and sometimes visual signs and body language are taken out of the equation. The levels of proximity dare different depending on the environment. For example when you are familiar with an individual your proximity with them will be more likely to be closer. However if you are at that same level of proximity with an unfamiliar person you may feel awkward and very uncomfortable therefore this would be seen through your body language. To overcome this barrier there should be a medium distance between people so that everyone feels comfortable. †¢ Temperature A room that is too hot, stuffy or cold may prevent communication if it makes people feel tired or stressed. This could make communication unsuccessful. To overcome this barrier the air conditioning should be on so that the temperature doesn’t prevent effective communication. Also this will make communication successful as the message coded will be understood by the receiver. The key to effective communications is to recognise and eliminate all or as much of these environmental factors that take away from the communications procedure. While there may be some factors that you cannot control, the fact is there are many of them you can and should eliminate. Complex or sensitive issues Complex or sensitive issues mean information which include lots of information and can be complicated or giving somebody sad news about their family relative’s passing away. This could be difficult to communicate because everyone has different emotions, feelings, personalities, likes and dislikes and of course their level of understanding different things. Sometimes communication can be complex. For example, a relative may want to know about funding arrangements for care. A communication of funding might involve a great deal of complex information. In this situation it would be important to check what the relative already knew, and whether or not the individual understood the information the care worker was providing. To overcome this barrier information on a piece of paper should be provided when discussing complex issues. As the information is confidential, these should be discussed in an appropriate environment. Furthermore to overcome this barrier a health care worker should ensure that each service user feels that they can trust you as the service provider. The service user must also feel respected and be given privacy if and when necessary to avoid any communication barriers. A great deal of communication in care work involves building an understanding of another person and providing emotional support. Communication that involves emotional issues is often experienced as being difficult or sensitive. There is no advice or information that is likely to be very useful to a person who is overwhelmed by grief, but many people do want someone to be with them. Communication in this difficult or sensitive situation should focus on emotional needs, rather than giving out information. To overcome this barrier a health care worker needs to fully understand the person the care worker is communicating with before responding to anything that they say. Furthermore the care worker has to be confident in the information that he/she is providing, for example when announcing grief to someone, it is important that we think about a much appropriate way to say it to provide them emotional care and support. To overcome those barriers, a caring presence should be created. This is about sharing an understanding of the feelings that other people may be experiencing. For example if a service user’s mother passed away this would be a deep grief for him/her. Thus it is the service provider’s responsibility to provide care and comfort so that any communication barrier is avoided and better rapport can be built. Communication/ language needs/ preferences Sometimes service users may have a preferred first language which a service provider may be unfamiliar with, this can create a communication barrier. As this can affect communication e. g. the service user may be Polish and he can’t understand English, this would be difficult for the care worker as he can’t understand what messages the service user may convey and the care worker. Also it is appropriate for the service user to convey his message to the care worker as both of them aren’t familiar with each other’s language. On the other hand if the service user and the care worker are aware and familiar with British Sign language they may be able to overcome the barrier by using non-verbal communication. Also, for example people may use jargon, dialect or slang to communicate effectively with people in their own speech community. These differences can create barriers to understanding. To overcome those barriers people could use body gestures or use a Google translator as in most health and social care sectors, the internet is available. Likewise it can be difficult to communicate with people with mental disabilities as their senses are out of control, they don’t know how to communicate with other people this can create a great barrier in communication as the message the health care worker codes and sends may not be decoded easily. In addition individuals with mental disabilities may find it difficult to code, send, decode or comprehend messages this can create a big barrier in communication as the service provider is unable to send or receive information from them. To overcome those barriers service providers should be trained in speaking different languages that the service users speak in order to meet the language needs of the service users. Likewise if the service user has a mental disability then staff members should be taught to speak makaton in order to communicate and meet the needs of the less able individuals. Also there are other ways to meet the needs of service users with a different language for example there are aids to communication such as human aids for instance if the employer hires translators or interpreters it may be very effective and appropriate to communicate with people who have a different language. Another effective way of overcoming this barrier is to teach the staff about non-verbal communication because it is easier to understand non-verbal communication rather than learning new languages which is very difficult. Moreover in today’s world, every individual is likely to be familiar with reading non-verbal messages, the body language, facial expressions and gestures can express the fact that we are either happy or upset. For example there is a simple thumb sign we do with our hands to show that we are satisfied, fine or wishing good luck to another person. These gestures are applied in our daily lives and they are very simple and quick to understand. The effects of drugs and alcohol Drugs and alcohol can have a negative impact when someone tries to send a clear verbal or nonverbal message. When you’re drunk you don’t think before you speak. You can be aggressive, make demands, bad facial expressions, or be rude. People may ignore you because your message is being distorted or they might be frustrated. Drugs can also affect your brain; you can be unconscious of what you’re doing. The barriers which are created by drinking of alcohol and taking drugs are that the individual may find it hard coding or sending the message therefore making it difficult for the receiver to decode and understand the service user’s message. In addition drugs can also affect your posture, facial expressions, proximity and voice tone. Thus it can affect the way you appear to others and present yourself, so people might misjudge what kind of a person you are. For instance when you are drunk you tend to be loud and out of control, thus making you appear aggressive in front of people. By observing your appearance people are more likely to avoid associating with you which creates a barrier in communication. In a health and social care sector, staff members are often qualified to communicate and get their message across to drunk people who may be aggressive. Service providers are trained to stay calm and confident in order to calm the service user down in order to decrease the violence the individual is showing. Moreover it would be better to postpone the time or change the place of the conversation to a quieter and calm setting as it would be more effective. For example rearranging the whole conversation can prevent any misconceptions of messages however it can also waste time in getting your message across. Furthermore staff should be provided with training on how to deal with people who are under the effects of drugs and alcohol can be rather time consuming and expensive. In addition if the trained staff try to calm an aggressive person who is drunk there is a possibility that the aggressive person may cause the staff member physical harm so sometimes trying to calm an aggressive person down may put you in anger as the aggressive drunk person may not be able to reason and think clearly as the individual is under the effects of alcohol and drugs. To overcome these barriers a service provider should stay calm, show respect. The health care worker must show appropriate non-verbal behaviour and avoid making demands as this could make the drink person angry or aggressive. Sensory impairments/disabilities An individual with sensory impairment signifies that the person’s senses don’t work capably. Sensory impairment includes visual, hearing, physical and intellectual hearing. People with sensory impairments such as hearing impairment may find it difficult to receive messages via listening therefore ruining the communication cycle because when we send a message through speaking the other individual with hearing impairment may not receive and decode the service provider’s message efficiently. Visual impairment means when a person’s eye sight cannot be improved using contacts or glasses. Visual impairment can form a barrier in communication by not allowing the individual receive visual messages precisely such as written communication, gestures and non-verbal communication such as sign language. To overcome barriers which are linked to sensory impairments in a health and social care sector, should be provided with aids to communication such as technical aids. For example hearing aids should be available for individuals with hearing impairments as these allow them to hear and receive verbal messages. Also asking help from a communicator or interpreter for signed languages would be very beneficial for people with hearing impairments, Therefore it removes the barrier related to hearing impairments. In addition to communicate with people who have visual impairment, health care workers could use simple verbal communication. Also they should assist people to touch things. For example they may want to touch your face to recognise you. Also a service provider should check what people can see as many registered blind people can see shapes, or tell light from dark. Though this training can take away a lot of time and when the staff is being trained, staff shortages could occur. BESD means having social, emotional or behavioural behaviour difficulties. The special education needs code of practice describes BESD as a learning difficulty where children and young people demonstrate features of emotional and behavioural difficulties such as being withdrawn or isolated. The children display a disruptive and disturbing nature. They are hyperactive and lack in concentration. They have immature social skills and present challenging behaviours arising from other complex special needs. They have trouble conveying their messages and they may not be able to comprehend other people’s needs or messages. It affects communication because of trust issues. They are unable to understand or pay attention to the rules of conversation. This they might interrupt the service provider. People with BESD have difficulties using appropriate language for appropriate situations. So they might seem rude or inappropriate. They have poor or limited vocabulary; therefore they might swear or always answer in the same way. Also they have problems understanding idiom, jokes, sarcasm and slang. Therefore they may be confused or aggressive when these are used. To overcome these barriers a service provider should be confident, stay calm, be polite and use a medium tone of voice. The service provider should not be provocative and should not use slang or idioms that they may not be familiar with. Emotional issues Emotional issues include self-esteem, personality, depression, aggression, anxiety and submissiveness. Self-esteem means how an individual values himself. This can cause a great barrier in a health and social care sector. For example a person might not have courage to tell the service provider something he/she is embarrassed about because he feels humiliated. Self-esteem can also disturb the communication cycle because trying to get across some information into a message for a person with low self-esteem may be difficult because a health and social care worker need to use suitable language, words and gentle tone of voice to make sure that care workers do not cause offence to the service user. Moreover a service provider needs to make sure that he/she shows compassion to the service user to lift his/her self-esteem. A service provider needs to be an active listener as it will ensure they get all the relevant information about the service user. In order to build rapport with the service users, health care workers should show compassion, should be trustworthy and should be able to deal and help the service users in all circumstances. Also health care workers could let the service users know that they are empowered to their rights such as confidentiality as this would make the service user more comfortable and make the person trust the health care worker with their private and confidential information. Assertiveness is very important when dealing with emotional issues. Fear and aggression are two basic emotions that everyone experiences. When we feel stressed it is easy to give in to our basic emotions and be either submissive or aggressive. Assertion is an advanced skill, which involves controlling your basic emotions that usually prompt you to run away or fight. It involves a mental attitude whereby you try to discuss, and try to solve the problem rather than give in to emotional desires. For example if a patient is being aggressive, the service provider should deal with him by showing fortitude, respect and compassion rather than becoming aggressive and showing an unprofessional behaviour. Assumptions, values, beliefs and culture Building an understanding of other people’s needs takes time and effort. Jumping to conclusions and making assumptions can save mental effort and time, but assumptions may cause us to interpret what another person is trying to communicate. For example, you might believe that you don’t need to listen to a person because you already know what their needs are. But care workers who use the communication cycle are less likely to make assumptions because they check their understanding. Assumptions can create a barrier because people stop listening and checking their understanding of other people’s communication. If care workers are not aware of their behaviour, it can result in discrimination. For example if an old person comes to meet a service user and he has been asked to answer some questions. If he does not answer them quickly, correctly and clearly, he will be seen as demented which results in prejudice and prejudice would mean discrimination. When people have different belief system and values it is easy for them to misinterpret one another’s intentions when attempting to communicate. Like assumptions, belief systems and values can therefore create barriers to understanding. It is therefore important to try to learn about other people’s beliefs and values in order to make sense of what they are trying to communicate. To prevent assumptions a health care worker should be open minded and try to get to know the service user so the care worker knows more about them and so that they don’t jump to conclusions because of their appearances. This is beneficial as it enables the care worker to know more about the individual. Thus it prevents stereotyping or labelling them.

How to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace

Running Head: CONFLICT RESOLUTION How to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace Abstract This paper will explore the complex topic of how to identify, approach and solve generational conflict in the workplace. It is important for nurse managers to be able to identify generational conflicts occurring among staff. Key strategies within the process model are recommended to be utilized by the nurse manager when addressing generational conflicts at the workplace. There are four main generations focused on within this paper, showing the fundamental differences between all generations and reinforcing the importance of conflict resolution. How to Resolve Conflict in the Workplace What is conflict resolution? How does one in a managerial nursing position identify generational conflict among their staff? How does one appropriately apply the process model to solve disputes that occur in the workplace? Many questions may cross one’s mind when deciding how to confront and resolve conflicts among nursing staff. In order to being the process of rectifying intrapersonal staff conflicts, one may begin the process of answering the questions asked above. Conflict is defined by Hibberd and Smith (2006) â€Å"†¦ as a process which begins when a person perceives that someone has negatively affected or is about to negatively affect something he or she cares about† (p. 650). Hibberd and Smith (2006) defines conflict resolution â€Å"†¦ [as] ways in which people, groups, or institutions deal with social conflict† (p. 650). People frequently have preconceived notions in regards to confronting and dealing with conflict, thinking that nothing constructive or good will come from it, however according to Vivar (2006) â€Å" behavioral scientists have studied and concluded that not all conflict is destructive and that a certain degree of conflict is essential [in life]† (p. 201). As human beings no two individuals were raised with the same values, morals and upbringing, making conflict unavoidable. As nurses, we follow our practice with the most up to date evidence based information. Making it necessary to uphold our professional competencies continually. The nature of the health care system and the technology nurses use is continually changing and evolving. The result is vital and we as nurses must become adaptive to these changes. Generational conflicts may arise as a result of the constant changes. Workplace issues between nursing staff of different generation can often be unpleasant and unproductive, which may cause work conflicts, interpersonal tension, decreased productivity and employee dissatisfaction (Jaie, H 2004, p. 334). Proper nursing management is required in order to maintain proper conflict resolution skills and strategies in dealing with generational difference among nursing staff in a acute care setting. This paper will further discuss roles of nursing leadership in identifying, confronting and managing the issue of generational conflicts among nursing staff, through the use of the process model. Differences of Generations There are four main generations. The silent generation, born between 1922 and 1942; the baby boomers, born from 1943 to 1960; generation X born from 1961 to 1980 and millennial generation, born after 1981 (Jaie, H 2004, p. 34). All four generations are fundamentally different. The silent generation is typically loyal to authoritative figures and to their employment organization (Wiek, 2004 p. 10). Baby boomers are generally known to be workaholics perpetually concerned about their work performance, promotions and titles. Baby boomers tend to stay at one job until retirement, due to their sense of loyalty to their employer and chances of future advancement in the company (Wiek, 2004 p. 10). Generation X seeks challenges, they enjoy working independently, using technology, and often resists authority. Generation X prefer to be treated as equals to their managers and would be more partial to think of managers as mentors who collaboratively make decisions with their staff (Wiek, 2004 p. 10). The millennial generation does not uphold the same value of job security compared to the other generation. They do not feel loyalty to themselves or to the organization; rather they feel loyalty to themselves or to the team that will help them achieve outcomes (Weston, 2006 np). Unlike their parents, the millennial generation does not depend on one source of employment to provide the professional development they need to advance. They make themselves more marketable through furthering their education and certification (Weston, 2006 np). When the four generations work together it is almost inevitable that generational conflicts will arise. Therefore making it necessary that proper strategies and resolutions are in place to cope with the vast difference in styles amongst these four generations. Identifying Generational Conflict All four generations posses their own work values, in addition to personal values. â€Å"Learning to create integrated and collegial relationships with people from different generations is a critical skill for nurses who work in multigenerational teams† (Weston, 2006 np). It may be difficult from some to work in multigenerational environments, making it important for the nurse leader to be able to identify the five stages of conflict and swiftly intervene if conflict is suspected. Firstly conflict begins with the awareness of the conflict (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). The nurse leader should be able to recognize the dynamics of their staff and identify when generational conflicts are occurring. Secondly, validating the thoughts and emotions involved in the conflict is beneficial (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). If one does not recognize these emotions, it is impossible to substantiate their staff’s thoughts and feelings. Thirdly, in order to deal and cope with the conflict, intentions must be formed in older to address the issue (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). Fourthly, these intentions result in behaviors that evoke a reaction (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). The reaction may change the individual’s thoughts and emotions relating to the conflict. Fifthly, outcomes such as resolution are produced as a result of discussing the conflict (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). Once a nurse manager is capable of identifying and recognizing the five stages of conflict, one can apply and utilize the process model and different leadership strategies to produce conflict resolution among their staff. Process Model Subsequent to the nurse manger identifying the stages of conflict, it is then possible to utilize strategies from the process model to deal with the generational conflicts occurring the workplace. Many individuals believe conflict resolution is not a learnt skill but a innate behavior one is born with. The process model created by Thomas (1992), identifies five conflict management strategies one can utilize when confronting and dealing with generational conflict. The five conflict management strategies are competing, compromising, avoiding, collaborating, and accommodating. According to Cavanagh (1991), competitive style of conflict management is almost always observed when an individual puts his or her own needs and goals ahead of others (p. 1256). A positive attribute of competing style is that the method easily deals with issues that necessitate quick decisions, through the use for example of vote (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). Compromising entails both individuals to make a decision they both find acceptable. The compromising style is often not a long-term solution. Avoiding style, occurs when neither individuals want to pursue resolving the issue; negatives that result from confronting the conflict often outweigh the positives. Cavanagh (1991) views avoidance as a means for individuals to remove themselves from the conflict, or to cause distance between the individual they are in conflict with (p. 1256). Collaborating is similar to compromising, however it is more effective for long term solutions because both individuals work together to come up with a solution they are both satisfied with (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). Accommodating, occurs when one individual compromises their own concerns to please the other individuals concerns, this strategy is often used when one individual is in error, however if accommodation is frequently used, it can lead to disappointment (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). â€Å"Further more, accommodation is characterized by the belief that the maintenance of harmonious interpersonal relationships is more important than creating disagreement between co-workers† (Cavanagh, 1991 p. 1255). It is the role of the nurse leader in when dealing with conflicts to feel a sense of control over ones feelings regarding the issue, gather all appropriate facts concerning the issue, becoming aware of effective manners on how to approach the conflict, determining if interventions are needed, creating resolutions and evaluating the outcomes. Recognizing and appreciating different generational perspectives can both decrease tension and enhance personal and professional growth (Weston, 2006 np). Within the process model, there are various leadership and management tyles that determine your managerial conflict resolution styles. Leadership & Management Styles The nurse leaders play a focal role in creating a work environment that values generational differences and supports the needs of each individual nursing staff member, regardless of age. It is important that the nurse manager recognizes and acts on generational differences in values and behaviors (Sherman, 2006 np). As a nurse lead er, one is in the ideal position to organize their collegial nursing staff member in order to establish effective open communication channels between themselves and their staff. By doing so, one facilitates open communication and provides socio-emotional support. There are many different styles the nurse manager should become adaptable for due to the different scenarios they may encounter when dealing with generational conflicts. An autocratic leader exerts high levels of power over his or her team members (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). A bureaucratic leader manages their staff according to procedures and policies. This leadership style enforces the rules at all times (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). A democratic leader often involves other staff members to contribute to the decision making process. This typically increases work satisfaction and facilitates open communication (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). Laissez-faire leadership style literally translates into leave it be. This leadership style relays on their staff to resolve their own conflicts (Hibberd & Smith, 2006). It take confidence, people skill, motivational skills, responsibility and integrity for a nurse leader to effectively manage their nursing staff in situations of generational conflict. According to Arnold and Boggs conflict can be healthy and lead to growth and teamwork. In knowing this a nurse manager should be in a neutral position to examine explore the conflict before he or she intervene. Conclusion Generational conflicts many times are unavoidable. â€Å"Each generation of professional nurses brings different generational influenced strengths and values to the workplace. It is a professional responsibility [of the nurse manager] to become knowledgeable regarding these differences in strengths and values and to use them as a fulcrum to increase mutual respect† (Kupperschmidt, 2006, p. 6). There are different strategies in dealing with staff generational conflicts. According to Baker (1995) developing appropriate conflict resolution skills among all team members is imperative†¦. in a team environment (p. 296). References Arnold, E. , & Boggs, K. (2003). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. (4th ed). Missouri: Saunders. Baker, K. (1995, October). Improving staff nurse conflict resolution skills. Nursing, 13(5). Retrieved May 15, 2009 from MEDLINE database. Cavanagh, S. J. (1991, October). The conflict management style of staff nurses and nurse managers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(10), p. 1254-1260. Retrieved May 15, 2009 from MEDLINE database. Hibberd, J. M. , & Smith, D. L. (2006). Nursing leadership and management in Canada (3rd ed. ). Toronto: Elsevier Canada. Jie, H. , & Herrick, C. , & Hodgin, K. (2004, November). Managing the multigenerational nursing team. The Health Care Manager, 23(4), p. 334-340. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from MEDLINE database. Kupperschmidt, B, R. (2006). Addressing multigenerational conflict: mutual respect and carefronting as strategy. Nursing, 11(2). Retrieved May 15, 2009, from CINAHL databse. Sherman, R, O. (2006). Leading a multigenerational nursing workforce: issues, challenges and strategies. Nursing, 11(2). Retrieved May 15, 2009 from CINAHL database. Vivar, C. G. (2006, April). Putting conflict management into practice: a nursing case study. Journal of Nursing Management, 14(3), p. 201-206. Retrieved May 15, 2009 from CINAHL database. Weston, M, J. (2006). Integrating generational perspectives in nursing. Nursing, 11(2). Retrieved May 15, 2009 from CINAHL database. Wieck, L. K. (2005, March). Nursing that works. Generational approaches to current nursing issues: how younger and older nurses can coexist. Colorado Nurse, 105(1), p. 10-13. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from CINAHL database.

Teamwork and Childrens Services †Psychology Essay

Teamwork and Childrens Services – Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers Teamwork and Childrens Services Psychology Essay Working in children’s services requires teamwork and it is very important to understand how to manage early childhood services and work with other staff members as a team. The staff of the service have to work together to understand everything that happens in a centre and how they can use this information to make the service even better in the future. To establish an effective and efficient early childhood team a lot of planning is required that involves all of the staff members. In addition, a motivating leader would be needed to show the staff the way towards the future. Each staff member has to work in collaboration with each other to solve problems, come up with ways to make the centre of higher quality and appealing to the parents. As Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003,p.195) point out ‘shared decision making is one secret of successful management’. A team also has to come up with ways to maximize their time and resources. A team can be described as a group of people that share a common goal and will work together to achieve it. These people will be of different backgrounds and will have different skills and abilities and also have great communication skills. Ebbeck and Waniganayake(2003, p.197) support this by saying ‘A vital part of any centre’s functioning is the communication that occurs among staff†¦.’ If there is lack of teamwork it can lead to a stressful workplace, a poor quality childcare and higher turn over rate and as a result, the parents and children that are associated with the center will suffer. S o teams need to communicate regularly with each other, be willing and be flexible. When selecting people for jobs in early childhood, you have to keep a few questions in mind like : How many children are attending the centre? What kind of qualifications does the centre need? Every centre and its staff will have a common philosophy of the children’s development and the best ways that they can enhance it. But each staff member might have different values and attitudes and will bring that towards caring for children. Staff should talk to each other about what their weaknesses and strengths are so that they can find a way to overcome them or get better. For example – a staff member might not be good at taking music group times but is good at language group times, so other staff members can help that member get better at music group times. After all no one is perfect and the team will work better when they know what their weaknesses are and how they can change. If the staff are lacking in an area that relates to the children, then training should be provi ded for the staff to get better. People that have positive attitude and support other staff members will work better in a children’s service than a person with a negative attitude who never wants to communicate. When a problem arises, staff members should get together and discuss it and possibly resolve it because the longer you leave it, the worse it might get. Also once in a week, get the staff to write down any major issues that happened with the children during the week. For example if a child asked the staff a question that they didn’t know how to answer then that staff member should go and find out the answer for next time. You could also play a game every month where each staff member writes down a positive aspect that they like about each of the staff members. For example – Samantha is very good at conducting music group times and has a bubbly personality. This will boost every staff members self esteem and make them feel good. When staff have a good rel ationship it will show and this will in turn impact on children and how they act towards other children. Each staff member should make a long and short term goals that they want to achieve and they should monitor it too see if they are getting closer to achieving it or need help After all, early childhood services are there for the best interests of children and Research indicates that children who attend a high quality child care are less likely to have problems in school later on. When the centre is run smoothly everything else will flow smoothly as well. To put it briefly, Quality staff is they key to the smooth running of any early childhood service. References: Community childcare co-operative NSW (2005 student edition) Managing a child care service. Sydney: CCC Ltd (NSW) Ebbeck, M. and Waniganayake, M. (2003). Early childhood Professionals, Leading today and tomorrow. Sydney: Maclennan and Petty Light, H.R. (1968) The nature of management. Nairobi : Kenya Oberhumer, P. (1999) Conceptualizing the professional role in early childhoods centres: Emerging profiles in four European countries. Samson, D. and Daft, R.L. (2000) fundamentals of management. Dryden press. Orlando :Florida Research Papers on Teamwork and Children's Services - Psychology EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically- but not always- bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material- some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic- there was no obstacle to be crossed- representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.

Quantify References to Elapsed Time

Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time Quantify References to Elapsed Time By Mark Nichol A writer’s book-jacket bio mentions that she’s been a reporter for fifteen years. An online product review refers to a device having been launched last fall. Your blog relates that you attended a conference the previous month. What’s wrong with each of these descriptions? They all assume the reader is trapped in temporal stasis. By the time the book comes out, the bio’s reference to the writer’s tenure will be outdated. When someone checks it out from a library or picks it up at a used-book store five years later, it will be even more so. The solution? â€Å"Jane Doe has been a reporter since 1996.† Anyone researching the product online who comes across the review may miss the small, obscure dateline and assume the device came on the market the previous fall, when it may in fact be years old. The solution? â€Å"The Wacky Widget, launched in fall 2010, still tops the market in quality.† Visitors reading your blog’s archives will wonder why you misidentified the time of year when a well-known conference takes place. The solution? â€Å"I had an interesting experience at the July 2011 OMG conference.† None of these errors is serious, but they are all errors, and they are all easily avoided. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comparative Forms of Adjectives50 Idioms About Roads and PathsThe Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Diversity of World Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity of World Music - Essay Example These are music from Indonesia, Jazanese Gamelan music and ethiojazz. Music has been used by many communities to communicate. Moreover, music has exhibited the obvious influences of other cultures by the mix in instruments or words in the songs. An example is the gamelan music which is an original and traditional Indonesian music. The instruments and the music flow however display heavy influence of Hinduism and Buddhism cultures (Born, 168). In addition, the gamelan uses an instrument called rebab which is an Islamic instrument. This shows the Indonesia people trying to interact with the Hindu, Buddhism and Islam culture. The history of the gamelan music can be traced to the period where hindu-budhist tradition dominated Indonesia. On fact in Indonesia culture Hindu culture has heavily influenced many art works. The gamelan is often considered Javanese by outsiders who relate it more to the java culture based on the instruments and music flow. This is so In that java music exhibits a wider diversity since it was an island that was transverse by many differentcultures. Thus, its music comprises of old, traditional, contemporary and unique styles which looks and feels different from the normal Indonesian music. This is a cross cultural interaction since Indonesians and the Hindus were living together at one point they had to interact and what better way than use of music. This is the music of the Ethiopians and it is a mix of Ethiopian music and jazz music hence the name ethiojazz which basically means Ethiopian jazz. This name has been used distinctively to show that there is other jazz music but this is specifically Ethiopian. This is a cross cultural communication to the world that Ethiopia has their own jazz music apart from the jazz they know. Ethiojazz has been made widely afamous by one Mulatu Astatke. Ethiojazz is generally a mix of traditional Ethiopian music blended together with soul music, Latin rhythms and afro-funk music (Born,

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands Assignment - 1

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands - Assignment Example as an adventuring business woman in London, Jamaica, New Granada, Haiti, and Cuba, and as a woman who, undisturbed by the horrors that were experienced at the battlefields she deployed herself to the Crimean war, her heroine was extraordinary by any standards. In addition to her bibliographical significance, her works are invaluable means of espying how the female subject fashioned her identity, from the socially, racially, and more so the economically disempowered position. The text describes how she exploited historical moments in order to realize and construct a new social identity. The writer has used double coincidence so as to challenge contradictory and conflicting ideas in her identity. When the location shift from Jamaica to England; she finds this site less predictable, unlike the colonial one. She illuminates what she reveals as the psychological migration of colonialism and migration. In the wonderful adventures, the cultural hybridity of Seacole surrenders to the imperialism of Britain as a civilization strength; however, this surrender is not absolute. Seacole’s constant revolt against the marginalization that was imposed by gender and race qualifies her hold for the civil ideals; she even portrays herself as the champion of the English values (Seacole 45). She claims that the British Empire has become a sacred value in her life, and it does not matter whether it represents cultural and social legitimacy at home or abroad, or maybe the much desired protection from the Yankees of New Granada (Seacole 73). The narrative celebrates her single status of being a Jamaican woman. At the age of forty-five, she chooses to defy the English –derived social conventions (Seacole 60). Instead, she decides to carve out of the new life for the sake of adventure, entrepreneur, and professional healing. While telling her story, we realize her attempt to explain the meaning of a true woman based on her individual accomplishments as a Jamaican woman, where color

MBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MBA - Essay Example To manage change is tough but the actual problem lies on the fact that there is no or little agreement regarding the factors which transforms the initiatives in organization (Metre, 2009, p. 1). There are authors who have stressed upon the fact that the main reason for failure of initiatives is due to resistance to change. Resistance to change often tends to include delays as well as cost into the change process. But resistance is also considered as useful source of information which helps in the development and learning process of the organization in a successful way. It has been proved that resistance to change is one of the key subjects in managing change in an organization (Val & Fuentes, n.d). Also with an increasing globalization, change in technology and deregulation along with a shift in the socio cultural trends, thus few would like to dispute that the most important task for the management is the leadership of managing organizational change (Todnem, 2005, p.2). Therefore in this context it becomes increasing necessary to reflect on the type, extent and change both for small and big organization in order to survive and thus sustain themselves in the changing business environment (Sengupta & Bhattacharya, 2006, p.1). Objectives The main objective in conducting the study is to find out whether change is important in the process of the development of the organization in the era of globalization. The following objectives will be discussed in order to confirm that the review of literature supports the given objectives. To determine why change is necessary The need for organizations to change and the forces of change To determine to what extent are the initiatives proposed are successful Description of the research The research on managing change in the organizations in the 21st century has been mainly taken from secondary sources especially books and other academic sources. Apart from books and academic sources some journals were also used. Mostly books wer e used because journals were not available at an ease like books. Some of the books and academic source includes, Metre, C. (2009). Deriving Value From Change Management. Griffin, R. W. (2011). Fundamentals of Management. Cengage Learning Zeffane, Rachid. (1996). Dynamics of strategic change: critical issues in fostering positive organizational change. Smith, Ian. (2005). Achieving readiness for organizational change. Key Findings The report mainly focuses on analyzing the fact that managing change is essential for organization in the 21st century in order to success and stay ahead of its competitors and achieve a competitive advantage. GE has managed to apply changes in its organization by following the process by Lewin’s notion (1947) which includes unfreezing, refreezing and movements were some of the essential components of change. The model primarily focused on the role of the leader in the process of creating change as well as communicating and crafting the vision, lead ing it and finally measuring progress of the change implemented across the dimensions of is organization. Figure 1: GE 7 step change model (Source: Metre, 2009) In addition to GE, the changes that has helped P&G reached at the top level is also been discussed (ICMR, 2004). Part B Summary of

Postmodern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Postmodern Art - Essay Example The focus in this essay "Postmodern Art" is on postmodern art. The art world often pretentiously demands a certain level of sophistication from its viewers, as a means of separating the two worlds, but many of the best artists postmodernism has to offer, accept the viewer's own existence, experiences, and emotional base as a point of departure from which to present their message. This works as an explanation for the overwhelming popularity of American artist Jeff Koons, who is arguably the poster boy for postmodern thought and practice. While modern art seems to remain aloof and separated from its audience, postmodernism seeks too coexist on the same level as its viewers, using images from popular culture with which its audience is already familiar, and inverting, twisting, and ultimately destroying those images to create an entirely new thought, and an entirely new work of art. This paper will discuss the era of postmodern art from its conception with Andy Warhol in the 1960’ s, to Koons himself and the way that the genre exists today. It is difficult to discuss Jeff Koons and postmodern art without first discussing it’s conception and Andy Warhol. Koons is often compared to Warhol, because he has achieved much of what the revolutionary Warhol had, including a sort of notorious controversial presence. In understanding Warhols motivation, we will certainly come to a better understanding of the motivating factors behind Koons’ work. The parameters with which we define art are under constant organic change. New ways of understanding concepts of art are at best, problematic as new movements force the visual spectator to at times disavow all preconceived notions and interpretations of art The emergence of a new art movement enables critics to redefine their own theories and understandings, in essence, to reconceptualize art theory. This is an interesting phenomenon when it takes place, one that truly exposes the theorization and ideologies of ar t. The emergence of Pop Art in the 1950's in Britain and its vivacious inception into American society is one such movement that captures this broadening of art. Andy Warhol was one of the movements' most prolific artists, helping to truly affirm the position of Pop Art as a credible, enlightening and in Warhol's conception, groundbreaking art form. Abstract Expressionism had been thoroughly institutionalized within art history since the Second World War and the arrival of Pop Art and its methods ultimately appeared as a reaction against this school of art. Pop Art found its imagery and techniques from the sociological climate of the sixties in which consumerism was fueled by the mass productivity ethos of the time. Certain artists began to aspire to a hard-edged style of art; one that Suzi Gablik believes led to a "moral strategy" facilitated "to avoid tasteful choices and to set the stake higher," (Gablik, 1969). The most profound realization of this strategy was to be the use of found or ready-made objects within pieces of artwork. Warhol was one of the main propagators of this method, a style of painting that would for the first time blemish the distinct qualities between 'high' and 'low' art and find the artist stripped of his autonomy. In Andy Warhol, Crone argues that any attempt to describe or analyze Warhol's work, "must consider the conditions of reality reflected as more important

Internal and External Business Environments Research Paper

Internal and External Business Environments - Research Paper Example Answer of Question 1 The main five segments of the of the general business environment that tend to have significant effect on an industry and all the companies belonging to an industry (irrespective of the size and revenue) happens to be macro environmental forces in the form of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental or better known as PESTLE. Although it is needless to say that all the factors are of great significance but as per the requirement of the study economic and social factors have been chosen as the two most significant forces to reckon with. The main reason for such choice is the fact that these two factors only affects the businesses & the industry but also have a close interrelation with the other forces and corresponding affect on the businesses and the industry (Porter, 1980). Economic factors The retail industry in U.S. happens to be second largest industry in the country. The industry is responsible for 12% of the overall employment of the country. Majority of the retail industry is dominated by the organized retail chains. The country has the presence of some f the major global retailers in the form of Wal-Mart (the largest in the world) followed by Kroger, Target, Best Buy, the Home Depot, etc. However, like many other industries the retail industry is also looking to combat the wrath of the 2008 economic downturns. The economic downturn coupled the high level of competition has meant that the growth rate of the industry is going to be slow as the economy is still going through a stage of downturn. The economic downturn has also increased the unemployment rate and reduced the disposable income which most certainly will continue be a reason for the slow growth rate. It is needless to say that Wal-Mart has been affected by the economic conditions just like any other retailers. However, there have been certain opportunities that have been available to the industry such as the free trade zone. Also in the year 2009, the retailer awarded benefits worth $2 billion that included bonuses, contributions, profit sharing and attractive merchandise discounts. Here it is to be noted that this was a move that was respected by the employees and the government also most of the retailers were looking to cut down on costs and employee benefits during that period of time. But from the perspective of growth it is to be said that the company needs to focus a lot more on the operations in the emerging economies. Simply because, the economy of Germany, UK, USA is matured in nature and provide very little opportunity for growth; On the contrary the emerging economies like India and china have a relatively un-taped market and hence would provide would provide a lot more opportunity for growth than some of the matured economies. Social Factors Off late the retail industry in the country has witnessed a paradigm of shift in the domain of consumer behavior. This actually has been an affect multiple factors. Due to th e environmental concern regarding global warming the customers have become a lot more environmental conscious and like to consume green products. Consumers have also become a lot of health conscious too. Also, as mentioned above the due to the economic downturn there has been a rise in the unemployment rate and dip in the disposable income of the people. Unlike earlier due the hectic and complex schedules and high fuel costs the people prefer to

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Reflection - Essay Example By studying English 102, I managed to acquire outstanding skills essential in research. These encompass structuring my work into relevant and specific sections that will enable it understandable not only to me but also to those who may refer it in future. Being a law student, this experience coupled with varied skills that I have so far acquired will be extremely helpful throughout my academic life. This is especially in terms of research whereby in law one cannot in anyway manage to be both proficient and competent if he or she lacks strong research foundation. This is because he or she will have to consult varied already determined cases meant to convince and put forth certain aspects when arguing or trying to relay certain verdict (Albright & Putman 6). This encompasses skimming enormous chucks of information to get the right and viable data meant to support one’s argument. Since, this is what determines a competent law person. Besides competency and proficiency in research, I will also take away with me impeccable English. However, this is a journey whereby each day I have work on with intention of adequate improvement as well as acquiring new aspects. Similar to any phase of life that presents both easy and challenging periods, mine was no different. I realized that I was devoid of convincing power. Hence, not managing to relay my arguments coupled with supporting facts even if they seem unrealistic. This prompted me opting to be silent in some situations especially when I was very new but have improved whereby in future I will be an excellent debater. What I have acquired throughout this process was that, each trait or proficiency one intends to have entails hard work coupled with sheer resolution to keep on improving daily. Therefore, suppose I had to take this class for the second time, I will not opt to remain silent as I did

Internal and External Business Environments Research Paper

Internal and External Business Environments - Research Paper Example Answer of Question 1 The main five segments of the of the general business environment that tend to have significant effect on an industry and all the companies belonging to an industry (irrespective of the size and revenue) happens to be macro environmental forces in the form of political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental or better known as PESTLE. Although it is needless to say that all the factors are of great significance but as per the requirement of the study economic and social factors have been chosen as the two most significant forces to reckon with. The main reason for such choice is the fact that these two factors only affects the businesses & the industry but also have a close interrelation with the other forces and corresponding affect on the businesses and the industry (Porter, 1980). Economic factors The retail industry in U.S. happens to be second largest industry in the country. The industry is responsible for 12% of the overall employment of the country. Majority of the retail industry is dominated by the organized retail chains. The country has the presence of some f the major global retailers in the form of Wal-Mart (the largest in the world) followed by Kroger, Target, Best Buy, the Home Depot, etc. However, like many other industries the retail industry is also looking to combat the wrath of the 2008 economic downturns. The economic downturn coupled the high level of competition has meant that the growth rate of the industry is going to be slow as the economy is still going through a stage of downturn. The economic downturn has also increased the unemployment rate and reduced the disposable income which most certainly will continue be a reason for the slow growth rate. It is needless to say that Wal-Mart has been affected by the economic conditions just like any other retailers. However, there have been certain opportunities that have been available to the industry such as the free trade zone. Also in the year 2009, the retailer awarded benefits worth $2 billion that included bonuses, contributions, profit sharing and attractive merchandise discounts. Here it is to be noted that this was a move that was respected by the employees and the government also most of the retailers were looking to cut down on costs and employee benefits during that period of time. But from the perspective of growth it is to be said that the company needs to focus a lot more on the operations in the emerging economies. Simply because, the economy of Germany, UK, USA is matured in nature and provide very little opportunity for growth; On the contrary the emerging economies like India and china have a relatively un-taped market and hence would provide would provide a lot more opportunity for growth than some of the matured economies. Social Factors Off late the retail industry in the country has witnessed a paradigm of shift in the domain of consumer behavior. This actually has been an affect multiple factors. Due to th e environmental concern regarding global warming the customers have become a lot more environmental conscious and like to consume green products. Consumers have also become a lot of health conscious too. Also, as mentioned above the due to the economic downturn there has been a rise in the unemployment rate and dip in the disposable income of the people. Unlike earlier due the hectic and complex schedules and high fuel costs the people prefer to

Fire protection Essay Example for Free

Fire protection Essay The research is to determine the fire protection education programs that need top be organized in a town. This town is a very busy town that is characterized by a population of about 12,000 people and is a major host of light industries, good climatic and environmental conditions that attracts tourist’s ant some points of the year. This town has a rapidly growing population with an above average income and good agricultural lands. Being posted as a volunteer in the fire department there is need to educate the public on the fire protection and life safety programs. This has been facilitated by the recent fire attacks. The training curriculum and the procedure for the entire town needs to be made and organized into groups, these groups need to check at the social, economical, age and religious settings of the town. The trainings should be both for the prevention and the escape. For the school going children and the Pre School aged children the trainings and drillings should include the exit drills that can help them in case of f ire attacks, smoke detectors testing and the actions that they need to take if the detectors sound alarms and the stop, drop and roll techniques. This will help the kids and school going children to escape some light fire attacks. Since in many cases the main course of fire is open flames the kids should be educated on the effects of playing with matches the lighters and fire. ( PEAP, 1980) The education package for the adults should be very much extensive and well detailed. This is because of all the businesses and the developments in the growing town; they are involved and invest in them. Their training for fire prevention and life safety should involve the use of fire extinguishers, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) , keeping their homes and businesses safe from attack and the need to install to install their homes with fire and smoke detectors. ( http://www. usfa. dhs. gov/fireservice/subjects/fireprev/) As a volunteer in the fire department I would be able to advice the town council to identify and develop public, private and fire community partnership that would be used and be instrumental in the enhancement and awareness of fire prevention activities. For this busy growing town, that is living above average class I would advocate for the for the inclusion of fire prevention and detection technology and design in construction and the architecture of the . physical facilities. This would improve the safety of the business buildings and the lives of the citizens. (http://www. usfa. dhs. gov/fireservice/subjects/fireprev) The whole town should be involved in a public fire awareness program, to get the educations and the skills for fire prevention and protection. To check at the effective ness of this program of installing fire detection machines there should be a drill at different points of the town to test the effectiveness of such machines. Reference: Fire Marshal, Public Education Assistance Program Steering Committee (PEAP,- Alaska,1980) SN publishers Alaska http://www. usfa. dhs. gov/fireservice/subjects/fireprev/ Retrieved on the 19th July 2008